参考:计算机网络第一章习题
网络服务参数2, 3, 9
服务类型:10,11
重传次数:15
参考模型:16,17,18,30
2、An alternative to a LAN is simply a big timesharing system with terminals for all users. Give two advantages of a client-server system using a LAN.
2、LAN 的一个替代方案是简单地采用一个大型分时系统,通过终端为用户提供服务。试给 出使用 LAN 的客户机-服务器系统的两个好处。
答:
使用LAN可以更容易地增加结点。
如果局域网只是一条长的电缆,且不会因为个别的失效而崩溃(例如采用镜像服务器)的情况下,使用局域网模型会更便宜。
使用局域网可提供更多的计算能力和更好交互式接口。
3、The performance of a client-server system is strongly influenced by two major network characteristics: the bandwidth of the network (that is, how many bits/sec it can transport) and the latency (that is, how many seconds it takes for the first bit to get from the client to the server). Give an example of a network that exhibits high bandwidth but also high latency. Then give an example of one that has both low bandwidth and low latency.
3、客户机-服务器系统的性能受到两个网络因素的严重影响:网络的带宽(即,网络每秒可以传输多少位数据)和延迟(即,将第一个数据位从客户端传送到服务器端需要多少时间)。请给出一个网络例子,它具有高带宽,但也有高延迟。然后再给出另一个网络例 子,它具有低带宽和低延迟。
答:高带宽高时延的一个例子是横跨大陆的光纤连接,其带宽可达数千兆 bps,但是因为传 输距离要达数千公里,时延也高。另外,卫星通信也是高带宽高时延。低带宽和低时延的一个例子是使用双绞线相连的 LAN,带宽是 10Mbps,时延却可以忽略不计。
9、A disadvantage of a broadcast subnet is the capacity wasted when multiple hosts attempt to access the channel at the same time. As a simplistic example, suppose that time is divided into discrete slots, with each of the n hosts attempting to use the channel with probability p during each slot. What fraction of the slots will be wasted due to collisions?
9、 广播式子网的一个缺点是当多台主机同时企图访问信道时会造成容量浪费。作为一个简单的例子,假设时间被分成了离散的时间槽,共有 n 台主机;在每个时间槽内,每台主机企图访问信道的概率为 p。试问由于冲突而被浪费的时间槽比例是多少?
答:每个信道有三种状态:空闲,使用单不拥塞,拥塞。空闲状态的概率为(1-p)^n,使用但不拥塞的概率为np(1-p)^(n-1)。所以拥塞的概率为1-np(1-p)^(n-1)-(1-p)^n。
10、What are two reasons for using layered protocols? What is one possible disadvantage of using layered protocols?
10、试问使用层次协议的两个理由是什么?使用层次协议的一个可能缺点是什么?
答:
原因:简化网络的设计和实现的难度;更改协议不会影响到高层或者低层的协议。
缺点:每层要加很多控制信息,增加了开销。
11、The president of the Specialty Paint Corp. gets the idea to work with a local beer brewer to produce an invisible beer can (as an anti-litter measure). The president tells her legal department to look into it, and they in turn ask engineering for help. As a result, the chief engineer calls his counterpart at the brewery to discuss the technical aspects of the project. The engineers then report back to their respective legal departments, which then confer by telephone to arrange the legal aspects. Finally, the two corporate presidents discuss the financial side of the deal. What principle of a multilayer protocol in the sense of the OSI model does this communication mechanism violate?
11、Specialty Paint 公司的总裁打算与一个本地的啤酒酿造商合作生产一种无形啤酒罐(作 为防止乱扔垃圾的一种措施)。总裁告诉她的法律部门调研此事,后者又请工程部帮忙。 结果总工程师打电话给啤酒酿造公司讨论该项目的技术问题。然后两位工程师又各自向他们的法律部门作了汇报。然后,法律部门通过电话安排了有关的法律方面的事宜。 最后,两位公司总裁讨论了这次合作在经济方面的问题。试问这个通信机制违反了 OSI 模型意义上的哪个多层协议原则?
答:答:违反了每一层应该按照定义好的功能和其它层通信,通过最下层完成通信而不绕过底层至今进行同层的通信。
15、In some networks, the data link layer handles transmission errors by requesting that damaged frames be retransmitted. If the probability of a frame’s being damaged is p, what is the mean number of transmissions required to send a frame? Assume that acknowledgements are never lost.
15、 在有些网络中,数据链路层处理传输错误的做法是请求发送方重传被损坏的帧。如果一帧被损坏的概率为 p,试问发送一帧所需要的平均传输次数是多少?假设确认帧永远不会丢失。
答:假定第 k 次传输成功,前面 k-1 次均失败,则平均传输次数为
16、A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length M bytes. At each of the layers, an h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network bandwidth is filled with headers?
16、一个系统具有 n 层协议。应用层产生长度为 M 字节的报文,在每一层加上长度为 h 字节的报文头。试问报文头所占的网络带宽比例是多少?
答:n 层协议中,每一层都增加 h 字节首部,因此首部总长度为 nh 字节,所占带宽的比率为nh/(M+nh)
17、What is the main difference between TCP and UDP?
17、试问 TCP 和 UDP 的主要不同是什么?
答:TCP 提供的是可靠的面向连接的服务,而 UDP 提供的是不可靠的无连接服务。
18、The subnet of Fig. 1-25(b) was designed to withstand a nuclear war. How many bombs would it take to partition the nodes into two disconnected sets? Assume that any bomb wipes out a node and all of the links connected to it.
18、 图 1-25(b)中的子网被设计用来对抗核战争。试问需要多少颗炸弹才能将这些节点炸 成两个互不相连的集合?假设任何一颗炸弹都可以摧毁掉一个节点以及所有与它相连 的链路。
答:3
30、What are the disadvantages of using small, fixed-length cells in ATM?
30、 请问在 ATM 网络中使用小的固定长度的信元有什么缺点?
答:小数据报文会浪费包头占用的带宽,固定长度导致无用数据负载浪费。(即使小数据报文也要使用报文头)
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